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response bias
Response bias is a general term for a wide range of cognitive biases that influence the responses of participants away from an accurate or truthful response. These biases are most prevalent in the types of studies and research that involve participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys.〔Furnham, A (1986). Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. ''Personality and individual differences 7.'' 385-400〕 Response biases can have a large impact on the validity of the questionnaire or survey to which the participant is responding.〔〔Nederhof, A (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: a review. ''European Journal of Social Psychology 15.'' 263-280〕 This bias can be induced or caused by a number of factors, all relating to the idea that human subjects do not respond passively to stimuli, but rather actively integrate multiple sources of information to generate a response in a given situation.〔Orne, M (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: with particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. ''American Psychologist 17.'' 776-783〕 Because of this, almost any aspect of an experimental condition may be able to bias a respondent in some form or another. For example, the phrasing of questions in surveys, the demeanor of the researcher, the way the experiment is conducted, or the desires of the participant to be a good experimental subject and to provide socially desirable responses may bias the response of the participant in some way.〔〔〔〔Kalton, G, Schuman, H, (1982). The effect of the question on survey responses: a review. ''J. R. statist. Soc. 154.'' 42-73〕 All of these "artifacts" of survey and self-report research may have the potential to damage the validity of a measure or study.〔 Compounding this issue is that surveys affected by response bias still often have high reliability.〔Gove, WR; Geerken, MR (1977) Response bias in surveys of mental health: and empirical investigation. ''American journal of Sociology 82.'' 1289-1317〕 This insidious combination can lure researchers into a false sense of security about the conclusions they draw.〔 The effect of this bias means that it is possible that some study results are due to a systematic response bias rather than the hypothesized effect, which can have a profound effect on psychological and other types of research using questionnaires or surveys.〔 It is therefore important for researchers to be aware of response bias and the effect it can have on their research so that they can attempt to prevent it from impacting their findings in a negative manner.
==History of research==
Awareness of response bias has been present in psychology and sociology literature for some time because self-report usage features significantly in those fields of research. However, while these types of biases have been known about, researchers were initially unwilling to admit the degree to which they impact, and potentially invalidate research utilizing these types of measures, questionnaires surveys.〔 This is because some researchers believe that the biases present across a group of subjects cancel out when the group of subjects is significantly large.〔Hyman, H; 1954. ''Interviewing in Social Research.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.〕 Essentially, this argument states that the impact of response bias in research is random noise and that the biases present in experimental participants would wash out if enough participants included in the study.〔 However, at the time this argument was proposed, effective methodological tools that could test this hypothesis were not available.〔 Once more modern methodologies were developed, researchers began to investigate the impact of response bias.〔 From this renewed research, two opposing sides arose.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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